Involvement of the people to solve their own problems is termed as participation although people cannot be forced to participate there should be all possible opportunities for them to participate in matters related to their health. Participation is held to be a basic human right and a fundamental principle to democracy (Goyet, 1999).
According to Goyet, participation does not occur automatically, it is initiated and goes through a process. In his guide towards participation, it is seen that it goes through four stages; initiation, preparation, participation and continuation. Participation can take place during any of the following activities; needs assessment, Planning, Mobilizing, Training, Implementing, monitoring and evaluation.
Understanding participation involves understanding power as well (the ability of different interests to achieve what they want). Power depends on who has the information, confidence and skills among other things. The reason why most community initiative programmes do not allow full participation of the local people is the fear that they will lose control of the assumed power. In participation there are incentives
and disincentives and effective participation is most likely when the different interests involved are satisfied with the level at which they are involved.
Levels of participation
This guide supported by the Joseph Row tree Foundation and written by David Wilcox proposes a five-rung ladder of participation which relates to the stance an organization promoting participation may take.
Information: merely telling people what is planned.
Consultation: offering some options, listening to feedback, but not allowing new ideas.
Deciding together: encouraging additional options and ideas, and providing opportunities for joint decision-making.
Acting together: not only do different interests decide together on what is best, they form a partnership to carry it out.
Supporting independent community interests: local groups or organizations are offered funds, advice or other support to develop their own agendas within guidelines.
Community Involvement
Community involvement goes beyond community members checking whether they are happy with the services being provided. It is a more radical approach which sees community members involved in decision making during community programme design and management. This approach requires many people to completely change the way they approach their work.
The different ways of community involvement can be classified according to how much power is given to community members. The table below may help you decide at which level you would like to involve community members, and note here that in community partnership and involvement all parties are involved.
Self help
Community members take the initiative to take action on their own. If they get assistance from authorities it will only be for advice or resources, which they will control.
Partnership
Community members and outside experts plan design and take decisions together.
Consultation
Committee members are consulted by the outside authorities who listen to their views. The outside experts then decide what the problem is and how it should be solved. All decisions are made by the outsiders.
Information giving
Local people participate only by being told what is going to happen or has already happened. It is an announcement by e.g the project management without listening to people’s responses.
Adopted from Arnstein (1999)
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